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“A targeted killing is the intentional, premeditated and deliberate use of lethal force, by States or their agents acting under color of law, or by an organized armed group in armed conflict, against a specific individual who is not in the physical custody of the perpetrator.” 〔1. United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council Fourteenth session, (May 2010), A/HRC/14/24/Add.6, Study on Targeted Killings.〕 The term Targeted Killing is intrinsically different to assassination. An assassination is, ‘to murder (a usually prominent person or political figure) by a sudden and/or secret attack, often for political reasons.’ The primary word that must be highlighted in this definition is murder. An assassination is a murder conducted to serve an individual or group‘s goals. The end goal of targeted killing is the elimination of a national threat that has been determined to have or will commit violent crimes against a nation or state. Assassination, in contrast, is simply murder and is illegal under the laws of the United Nations and the United States. According to Executive Order 12333, assassination cannot be conducted legally by any agent or representative of the United States. These distinctions draw a clear line between assassination and targeted killing and are not synonymous or interchangeable. Targeted killings were employed extensively by death squads in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Colombia, and Haiti within the context of civil unrest and war during the 1980s and 1990s. Targeted killings have also been used in Somalia, Rwanda, and in the Balkans during the Yugoslav Wars. The United States government has also practiced targeted killings, as with the killing of Anwar al-Awlaki. Targeted killings have also been used by narcotics traffickers. Use of targeted killings by conventional military forces became commonplace after the Second Intifada, when Israeli security forces used the tactic to kill Palestinian opponents.〔Nir Gazit and Robert J. Brym, (''State-directed political assassination in Israel: A political hypothesis'' ). ''International Sociology'' 26(6) (2011), pp. 862–877〕 Though initially opposed by the Bush Administration,〔David Johnston and David E. Sanger, ('Threats and Responses: Hunt for Suspects' ), ''The New York Times'', 11/06/2002.〕 targeted killings have become a frequent tactic of the United States government in the War on Terror.〔 Instances of targeted killing by the United States that have received significant attention include the killing of Osama bin Laden and of American citizens Anwar al-Awlaki and his teenage son in 2011. Under the Obama administration use of targeted killings has expanded, most frequently through use of combat drones operating in Afghanistan, Pakistan or Yemen. The legality of targeted killing is disputed. Some〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Targeted Killings )〕 academics, military personnel and officials describe targeted killing as legitimate within the context of self-defense, when employed against terrorists or combatants engaged in asymmetrical warfare. They argue that drones are more humane and more accurate than manned vehicles. Others, including academics such as Gregory Johnsen and Charles Schmitz, twenty-six members of Congress, some media sources (Jeremy Scahill, James Traub), civil rights groups like the American Civil Liberties Union and ex-CIA station chief in Islamabad, Robert Grenier have criticized targeted killings as similar to assassinations or extrajudicial killings, which are illegal within the United States and under international law. ==Central and South America, 1980s-present== In 1986, the human rights group Americas Watch released a report stating that death squads and armed forces under President José Napoleón Duarte in El Salvador had carried out 240 targeted killings throughout 1985. The report relied upon figures provided by the Roman Catholic Church and included allegations of torture and summary executions.〔 Americas Watch and other rights groups reported "targeted killing" of civilians by the Nicaraguan Sandinista government in the following year during its campaign against the Contras. Politically motivated targeted killings of trade unionists and activists were also recorded in Costa Rica Haiti and Colombia during the late 1980s and 1990s. Targeted killings linked to the drug trade and paramilitary organizations including FARC and the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) resulted in large numbers of deaths among human rights and political activists, and women and children, throughout the 1990s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Targeted killing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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